Prediction of surface settlement due to shallow tunnelling in granular soils

A review of current settlement prediction procedures has been undertaken with particular reference to granular soils. The settlement problem is divided into three factors which affect the tunnel/surface interaction. The parameters controlling lost ground at the tunnel during construction are detailed. The mode of transfer of these losses is established and a method for settlement trough analysis given. The aim of this report is to provide the engineer with a comprehensive settlement prediction method to aid in tunnel design.